1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:34,700 you 2 00:00:34,700 --> 00:00:34,710 3 00:00:34,710 --> 00:00:37,950 we have ignition and liftoff of Columbia 4 00:00:37,950 --> 00:00:37,960 we have ignition and liftoff of Columbia 5 00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:40,440 we have ignition and liftoff of Columbia on an ambitious tims a international 6 00:00:40,440 --> 00:00:40,450 on an ambitious tims a international 7 00:00:40,450 --> 00:00:44,820 on an ambitious tims a international research flight the critical fluid bite 8 00:00:44,820 --> 00:00:44,830 research flight the critical fluid bite 9 00:00:44,830 --> 00:00:46,950 research flight the critical fluid bite scattering experiment isn't exciting 10 00:00:46,950 --> 00:00:46,960 scattering experiment isn't exciting 11 00:00:46,960 --> 00:00:48,660 scattering experiment isn't exciting part of the second United States 12 00:00:48,660 --> 00:00:48,670 part of the second United States 13 00:00:48,670 --> 00:00:50,850 part of the second United States microgravity payload that will fly 14 00:00:50,850 --> 00:00:50,860 microgravity payload that will fly 15 00:00:50,860 --> 00:00:53,460 microgravity payload that will fly aboard the space shuttle Columbia this 16 00:00:53,460 --> 00:00:53,470 aboard the space shuttle Columbia this 17 00:00:53,470 --> 00:00:55,590 aboard the space shuttle Columbia this precise experiment will challenge the 18 00:00:55,590 --> 00:00:55,600 precise experiment will challenge the 19 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:57,540 precise experiment will challenge the universal understanding of some physical 20 00:00:57,540 --> 00:00:57,550 universal understanding of some physical 21 00:00:57,550 --> 00:01:01,020 universal understanding of some physical phenomena the experiment is named Zeno 22 00:01:01,020 --> 00:01:01,030 phenomena the experiment is named Zeno 23 00:01:01,030 --> 00:01:03,110 phenomena the experiment is named Zeno in honor of an ancient Greek philosopher 24 00:01:03,110 --> 00:01:03,120 in honor of an ancient Greek philosopher 25 00:01:03,120 --> 00:01:06,149 in honor of an ancient Greek philosopher Zeno evelia who first pondered the 26 00:01:06,149 --> 00:01:06,159 Zeno evelia who first pondered the 27 00:01:06,159 --> 00:01:09,600 Zeno evelia who first pondered the concept of infinity Zeno's most famous 28 00:01:09,600 --> 00:01:09,610 concept of infinity Zeno's most famous 29 00:01:09,610 --> 00:01:12,330 concept of infinity Zeno's most famous paradox of infinity demonstrates that an 30 00:01:12,330 --> 00:01:12,340 paradox of infinity demonstrates that an 31 00:01:12,340 --> 00:01:13,920 paradox of infinity demonstrates that an infinite number of successively smaller 32 00:01:13,920 --> 00:01:13,930 infinite number of successively smaller 33 00:01:13,930 --> 00:01:16,740 infinite number of successively smaller steps can be squeezed into the distance 34 00:01:16,740 --> 00:01:16,750 steps can be squeezed into the distance 35 00:01:16,750 --> 00:01:20,219 steps can be squeezed into the distance between two points Zeno's paradox is 36 00:01:20,219 --> 00:01:20,229 between two points Zeno's paradox is 37 00:01:20,229 --> 00:01:22,140 between two points Zeno's paradox is analogous to the modern-day Zeno 38 00:01:22,140 --> 00:01:22,150 analogous to the modern-day Zeno 39 00:01:22,150 --> 00:01:24,840 analogous to the modern-day Zeno experiment where a series of minut steps 40 00:01:24,840 --> 00:01:24,850 experiment where a series of minut steps 41 00:01:24,850 --> 00:01:26,760 experiment where a series of minut steps are made toward the critical temperature 42 00:01:26,760 --> 00:01:26,770 are made toward the critical temperature 43 00:01:26,770 --> 00:01:29,430 are made toward the critical temperature of a fluid the critical temperature of a 44 00:01:29,430 --> 00:01:29,440 of a fluid the critical temperature of a 45 00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:31,500 of a fluid the critical temperature of a fluid is the highest temperature at 46 00:01:31,500 --> 00:01:31,510 fluid is the highest temperature at 47 00:01:31,510 --> 00:01:34,020 fluid is the highest temperature at which it's liquid and vapor phases can 48 00:01:34,020 --> 00:01:34,030 which it's liquid and vapor phases can 49 00:01:34,030 --> 00:01:37,380 which it's liquid and vapor phases can coexist at low temperatures both the 50 00:01:37,380 --> 00:01:37,390 coexist at low temperatures both the 51 00:01:37,390 --> 00:01:39,690 coexist at low temperatures both the liquid and its vapor can be observed and 52 00:01:39,690 --> 00:01:39,700 liquid and its vapor can be observed and 53 00:01:39,700 --> 00:01:42,840 liquid and its vapor can be observed and exhibit on earth a visible meniscus or 54 00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:42,850 exhibit on earth a visible meniscus or 55 00:01:42,850 --> 00:01:45,900 exhibit on earth a visible meniscus or boundary at temperatures above the 56 00:01:45,900 --> 00:01:45,910 boundary at temperatures above the 57 00:01:45,910 --> 00:01:48,450 boundary at temperatures above the critical temperature only a single phase 58 00:01:48,450 --> 00:01:48,460 critical temperature only a single phase 59 00:01:48,460 --> 00:01:51,870 critical temperature only a single phase exists the Zeno experiment will begin in 60 00:01:51,870 --> 00:01:51,880 exists the Zeno experiment will begin in 61 00:01:51,880 --> 00:01:54,390 exists the Zeno experiment will begin in this supercritical single phase region 62 00:01:54,390 --> 00:01:54,400 this supercritical single phase region 63 00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:56,640 this supercritical single phase region and will progress toward the critical 64 00:01:56,640 --> 00:01:56,650 and will progress toward the critical 65 00:01:56,650 --> 00:01:59,190 and will progress toward the critical point to study fluid properties as the 66 00:01:59,190 --> 00:01:59,200 point to study fluid properties as the 67 00:01:59,200 --> 00:02:01,050 point to study fluid properties as the fluid prepares to separate into two 68 00:02:01,050 --> 00:02:01,060 fluid prepares to separate into two 69 00:02:01,060 --> 00:02:04,350 fluid prepares to separate into two phases this is an example of a second 70 00:02:04,350 --> 00:02:04,360 phases this is an example of a second 71 00:02:04,360 --> 00:02:07,350 phases this is an example of a second order phase transition other examples of 72 00:02:07,350 --> 00:02:07,360 order phase transition other examples of 73 00:02:07,360 --> 00:02:09,630 order phase transition other examples of second order phase transitions include 74 00:02:09,630 --> 00:02:09,640 second order phase transitions include 75 00:02:09,640 --> 00:02:11,430 second order phase transitions include normal conductors superconductor 76 00:02:11,430 --> 00:02:11,440 normal conductors superconductor 77 00:02:11,440 --> 00:02:13,949 normal conductors superconductor transitions and magnetic transitions at 78 00:02:13,949 --> 00:02:13,959 transitions and magnetic transitions at 79 00:02:13,959 --> 00:02:17,430 transitions and magnetic transitions at the Curie point at the critical 80 00:02:17,430 --> 00:02:17,440 the Curie point at the critical 81 00:02:17,440 --> 00:02:19,410 the Curie point at the critical temperatures of these second order phase 82 00:02:19,410 --> 00:02:19,420 temperatures of these second order phase 83 00:02:19,420 --> 00:02:21,990 temperatures of these second order phase transitions the materials fluctuate 84 00:02:21,990 --> 00:02:22,000 transitions the materials fluctuate 85 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:24,570 transitions the materials fluctuate between different states it's these 86 00:02:24,570 --> 00:02:24,580 between different states it's these 87 00:02:24,580 --> 00:02:26,790 between different states it's these fluctuations that scientists want to 88 00:02:26,790 --> 00:02:26,800 fluctuations that scientists want to 89 00:02:26,800 --> 00:02:29,850 fluctuations that scientists want to study much progress has been made in 90 00:02:29,850 --> 00:02:29,860 study much progress has been made in 91 00:02:29,860 --> 00:02:31,619 study much progress has been made in theory and measurement of these phase 92 00:02:31,619 --> 00:02:31,629 theory and measurement of these phase 93 00:02:31,629 --> 00:02:33,809 theory and measurement of these phase transitions but the Earth's gravity 94 00:02:33,809 --> 00:02:33,819 transitions but the Earth's gravity 95 00:02:33,819 --> 00:02:35,460 transitions but the Earth's gravity makes it impossible to do a careful 96 00:02:35,460 --> 00:02:35,470 makes it impossible to do a careful 97 00:02:35,470 --> 00:02:38,040 makes it impossible to do a careful study of the secondary liquid vapor 98 00:02:38,040 --> 00:02:38,050 study of the secondary liquid vapor 99 00:02:38,050 --> 00:02:39,750 study of the secondary liquid vapor phase change at the critical 100 00:02:39,750 --> 00:02:39,760 phase change at the critical 101 00:02:39,760 --> 00:02:42,570 phase change at the critical temperature fortunately the space 102 00:02:42,570 --> 00:02:42,580 temperature fortunately the space 103 00:02:42,580 --> 00:02:45,059 temperature fortunately the space environment now permits a new generation 104 00:02:45,059 --> 00:02:45,069 environment now permits a new generation 105 00:02:45,069 --> 00:02:47,280 environment now permits a new generation of experiments to test the best theories 106 00:02:47,280 --> 00:02:47,290 of experiments to test the best theories 107 00:02:47,290 --> 00:02:50,220 of experiments to test the best theories currently available zeno principal 108 00:02:50,220 --> 00:02:50,230 currently available zeno principal 109 00:02:50,230 --> 00:02:52,800 currently available zeno principal investigator Robert gammon explains why 110 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:52,810 investigator Robert gammon explains why 111 00:02:52,810 --> 00:02:55,050 investigator Robert gammon explains why the gaseous elements xenon was chosen 112 00:02:55,050 --> 00:02:55,060 the gaseous elements xenon was chosen 113 00:02:55,060 --> 00:02:59,490 the gaseous elements xenon was chosen for this experiment we believe that 114 00:02:59,490 --> 00:02:59,500 for this experiment we believe that 115 00:02:59,500 --> 00:03:01,830 for this experiment we believe that xenon is an ideal fluid for studying the 116 00:03:01,830 --> 00:03:01,840 xenon is an ideal fluid for studying the 117 00:03:01,840 --> 00:03:04,170 xenon is an ideal fluid for studying the liquid vapor critical point it's 118 00:03:04,170 --> 00:03:04,180 liquid vapor critical point it's 119 00:03:04,180 --> 00:03:06,089 liquid vapor critical point it's available in very high purity it's a 120 00:03:06,089 --> 00:03:06,099 available in very high purity it's a 121 00:03:06,099 --> 00:03:09,720 available in very high purity it's a simple monatomic spherical atomic fluid 122 00:03:09,720 --> 00:03:09,730 simple monatomic spherical atomic fluid 123 00:03:09,730 --> 00:03:11,550 simple monatomic spherical atomic fluid and it has a convenient critical 124 00:03:11,550 --> 00:03:11,560 and it has a convenient critical 125 00:03:11,560 --> 00:03:14,819 and it has a convenient critical temperature it's better than all the 126 00:03:14,819 --> 00:03:14,829 temperature it's better than all the 127 00:03:14,829 --> 00:03:16,770 temperature it's better than all the other systems we could think of for very 128 00:03:16,770 --> 00:03:16,780 other systems we could think of for very 129 00:03:16,780 --> 00:03:18,569 other systems we could think of for very precise studies close to the critical 130 00:03:18,569 --> 00:03:18,579 precise studies close to the critical 131 00:03:18,579 --> 00:03:21,119 precise studies close to the critical point because it's not limited by purity 132 00:03:21,119 --> 00:03:21,129 point because it's not limited by purity 133 00:03:21,129 --> 00:03:23,240 point because it's not limited by purity and not limited by crystal perfection 134 00:03:23,240 --> 00:03:23,250 and not limited by crystal perfection 135 00:03:23,250 --> 00:03:26,039 and not limited by crystal perfection the xeno experiment is being done in the 136 00:03:26,039 --> 00:03:26,049 the xeno experiment is being done in the 137 00:03:26,049 --> 00:03:28,009 the xeno experiment is being done in the microgravity environment of space 138 00:03:28,009 --> 00:03:28,019 microgravity environment of space 139 00:03:28,019 --> 00:03:30,809 microgravity environment of space because on earth as you near the 140 00:03:30,809 --> 00:03:30,819 because on earth as you near the 141 00:03:30,819 --> 00:03:33,000 because on earth as you near the critical temperature the Earth's gravity 142 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:33,010 critical temperature the Earth's gravity 143 00:03:33,010 --> 00:03:35,520 critical temperature the Earth's gravity causes the fluid to stratify or form 144 00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:35,530 causes the fluid to stratify or form 145 00:03:35,530 --> 00:03:39,089 causes the fluid to stratify or form layers this distorts the sample but the 146 00:03:39,089 --> 00:03:39,099 layers this distorts the sample but the 147 00:03:39,099 --> 00:03:40,699 layers this distorts the sample but the microgravity environment of space 148 00:03:40,699 --> 00:03:40,709 microgravity environment of space 149 00:03:40,709 --> 00:03:43,259 microgravity environment of space permits a very close approach to the 150 00:03:43,259 --> 00:03:43,269 permits a very close approach to the 151 00:03:43,269 --> 00:03:45,089 permits a very close approach to the critical temperature before the 152 00:03:45,089 --> 00:03:45,099 critical temperature before the 153 00:03:45,099 --> 00:03:47,939 critical temperature before the stratification begins during this 154 00:03:47,939 --> 00:03:47,949 stratification begins during this 155 00:03:47,949 --> 00:03:50,580 stratification begins during this experiment careful control of the sample 156 00:03:50,580 --> 00:03:50,590 experiment careful control of the sample 157 00:03:50,590 --> 00:03:53,129 experiment careful control of the sample density and thermal environment enables 158 00:03:53,129 --> 00:03:53,139 density and thermal environment enables 159 00:03:53,139 --> 00:03:55,319 density and thermal environment enables precise measurement to be made within a 160 00:03:55,319 --> 00:03:55,329 precise measurement to be made within a 161 00:03:55,329 --> 00:03:57,150 precise measurement to be made within a few millions of a degree of the critical 162 00:03:57,150 --> 00:03:57,160 few millions of a degree of the critical 163 00:03:57,160 --> 00:04:00,270 few millions of a degree of the critical temperature 100 to 1,000 times closer 164 00:04:00,270 --> 00:04:00,280 temperature 100 to 1,000 times closer 165 00:04:00,280 --> 00:04:03,059 temperature 100 to 1,000 times closer than is possible on earth we might 166 00:04:03,059 --> 00:04:03,069 than is possible on earth we might 167 00:04:03,069 --> 00:04:04,890 than is possible on earth we might compare the experiment to climbing a 168 00:04:04,890 --> 00:04:04,900 compare the experiment to climbing a 169 00:04:04,900 --> 00:04:08,009 compare the experiment to climbing a mountain the goal is to analyze the area 170 00:04:08,009 --> 00:04:08,019 mountain the goal is to analyze the area 171 00:04:08,019 --> 00:04:10,400 mountain the goal is to analyze the area closest to the peak the critical point 172 00:04:10,400 --> 00:04:10,410 closest to the peak the critical point 173 00:04:10,410 --> 00:04:13,619 closest to the peak the critical point to do that the climber makes minut moves 174 00:04:13,619 --> 00:04:13,629 to do that the climber makes minut moves 175 00:04:13,629 --> 00:04:16,259 to do that the climber makes minut moves toward that point as the climber gets 176 00:04:16,259 --> 00:04:16,269 toward that point as the climber gets 177 00:04:16,269 --> 00:04:19,740 toward that point as the climber gets closer some unusual things happen it's 178 00:04:19,740 --> 00:04:19,750 closer some unusual things happen it's 179 00:04:19,750 --> 00:04:22,439 closer some unusual things happen it's fascinating xenon near the critical 180 00:04:22,439 --> 00:04:22,449 fascinating xenon near the critical 181 00:04:22,449 --> 00:04:25,110 fascinating xenon near the critical point is a billion times softer than 182 00:04:25,110 --> 00:04:25,120 point is a billion times softer than 183 00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:28,140 point is a billion times softer than water the system doesn't know whether it 184 00:04:28,140 --> 00:04:28,150 water the system doesn't know whether it 185 00:04:28,150 --> 00:04:30,450 water the system doesn't know whether it wants to be a liquid or a vapor and it 186 00:04:30,450 --> 00:04:30,460 wants to be a liquid or a vapor and it 187 00:04:30,460 --> 00:04:32,399 wants to be a liquid or a vapor and it readily goes back and forth between the 188 00:04:32,399 --> 00:04:32,409 readily goes back and forth between the 189 00:04:32,409 --> 00:04:34,320 readily goes back and forth between the two and has nearly an infinite heat 190 00:04:34,320 --> 00:04:34,330 two and has nearly an infinite heat 191 00:04:34,330 --> 00:04:36,719 two and has nearly an infinite heat capacity in the process of this sloshing 192 00:04:36,719 --> 00:04:36,729 capacity in the process of this sloshing 193 00:04:36,729 --> 00:04:40,050 capacity in the process of this sloshing back and forth it turns milky white it's 194 00:04:40,050 --> 00:04:40,060 back and forth it turns milky white it's 195 00:04:40,060 --> 00:04:41,550 back and forth it turns milky white it's in this state that important 196 00:04:41,550 --> 00:04:41,560 in this state that important 197 00:04:41,560 --> 00:04:43,830 in this state that important measurements will be made as the 198 00:04:43,830 --> 00:04:43,840 measurements will be made as the 199 00:04:43,840 --> 00:04:45,510 measurements will be made as the temperature of the fluid sample and the 200 00:04:45,510 --> 00:04:45,520 temperature of the fluid sample and the 201 00:04:45,520 --> 00:04:47,550 temperature of the fluid sample and the xeno experiment approaches the critical 202 00:04:47,550 --> 00:04:47,560 xeno experiment approaches the critical 203 00:04:47,560 --> 00:04:49,980 xeno experiment approaches the critical temperature density fluctuations 204 00:04:49,980 --> 00:04:49,990 temperature density fluctuations 205 00:04:49,990 --> 00:04:53,279 temperature density fluctuations increase dramatically a laser serves as 206 00:04:53,279 --> 00:04:53,289 increase dramatically a laser serves as 207 00:04:53,289 --> 00:04:53,430 increase dramatically a laser serves as a 208 00:04:53,430 --> 00:04:53,440 a 209 00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:55,050 a gentle probe that is sent into the 210 00:04:55,050 --> 00:04:55,060 gentle probe that is sent into the 211 00:04:55,060 --> 00:04:58,440 gentle probe that is sent into the sample to measure those fluctuations the 212 00:04:58,440 --> 00:04:58,450 sample to measure those fluctuations the 213 00:04:58,450 --> 00:05:00,720 sample to measure those fluctuations the sample becomes turbid or cloudy and 214 00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:00,730 sample becomes turbid or cloudy and 215 00:05:00,730 --> 00:05:04,200 sample becomes turbid or cloudy and scatters light strongly this experiment 216 00:05:04,200 --> 00:05:04,210 scatters light strongly this experiment 217 00:05:04,210 --> 00:05:05,670 scatters light strongly this experiment can be compared to the familiar 218 00:05:05,670 --> 00:05:05,680 can be compared to the familiar 219 00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:07,680 can be compared to the familiar twinkling of stars we see in a clear 220 00:05:07,680 --> 00:05:07,690 twinkling of stars we see in a clear 221 00:05:07,690 --> 00:05:11,220 twinkling of stars we see in a clear night sky the twinkle we see on earth is 222 00:05:11,220 --> 00:05:11,230 night sky the twinkle we see on earth is 223 00:05:11,230 --> 00:05:13,590 night sky the twinkle we see on earth is due to fluctuations in the density of 224 00:05:13,590 --> 00:05:13,600 due to fluctuations in the density of 225 00:05:13,600 --> 00:05:16,560 due to fluctuations in the density of the atmosphere during the experiment 226 00:05:16,560 --> 00:05:16,570 the atmosphere during the experiment 227 00:05:16,570 --> 00:05:18,750 the atmosphere during the experiment laser light that is being scattered by 228 00:05:18,750 --> 00:05:18,760 laser light that is being scattered by 229 00:05:18,760 --> 00:05:22,110 laser light that is being scattered by the sample actually twinkles here the 230 00:05:22,110 --> 00:05:22,120 the sample actually twinkles here the 231 00:05:22,120 --> 00:05:24,270 the sample actually twinkles here the twinkling is due to density changes in 232 00:05:24,270 --> 00:05:24,280 twinkling is due to density changes in 233 00:05:24,280 --> 00:05:26,250 twinkling is due to density changes in the fluid as it nears the critical 234 00:05:26,250 --> 00:05:26,260 the fluid as it nears the critical 235 00:05:26,260 --> 00:05:28,650 the fluid as it nears the critical temperature the Zeno instrument will 236 00:05:28,650 --> 00:05:28,660 temperature the Zeno instrument will 237 00:05:28,660 --> 00:05:30,660 temperature the Zeno instrument will measure and analyze the brightness and 238 00:05:30,660 --> 00:05:30,670 measure and analyze the brightness and 239 00:05:30,670 --> 00:05:32,910 measure and analyze the brightness and frequency of the twinkle as the fluid 240 00:05:32,910 --> 00:05:32,920 frequency of the twinkle as the fluid 241 00:05:32,920 --> 00:05:35,850 frequency of the twinkle as the fluid nears the critical temperature under the 242 00:05:35,850 --> 00:05:35,860 nears the critical temperature under the 243 00:05:35,860 --> 00:05:37,890 nears the critical temperature under the direction of Professor gammon a team 244 00:05:37,890 --> 00:05:37,900 direction of Professor gammon a team 245 00:05:37,900 --> 00:05:40,020 direction of Professor gammon a team from the University of Maryland defines 246 00:05:40,020 --> 00:05:40,030 from the University of Maryland defines 247 00:05:40,030 --> 00:05:41,580 from the University of Maryland defines the science requirements for the 248 00:05:41,580 --> 00:05:41,590 the science requirements for the 249 00:05:41,590 --> 00:05:43,680 the science requirements for the experiment and developed the flight 250 00:05:43,680 --> 00:05:43,690 experiment and developed the flight 251 00:05:43,690 --> 00:05:46,170 experiment and developed the flight instrument the instrument was fabricated 252 00:05:46,170 --> 00:05:46,180 instrument the instrument was fabricated 253 00:05:46,180 --> 00:05:49,200 instrument the instrument was fabricated and tested by Ball Aerospace the heart 254 00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:49,210 and tested by Ball Aerospace the heart 255 00:05:49,210 --> 00:05:51,870 and tested by Ball Aerospace the heart of the experiment is a high pressure 256 00:05:51,870 --> 00:05:51,880 of the experiment is a high pressure 257 00:05:51,880 --> 00:05:55,190 of the experiment is a high pressure sample sale located in the thermostat 258 00:05:55,190 --> 00:05:55,200 sample sale located in the thermostat 259 00:05:55,200 --> 00:05:59,480 sample sale located in the thermostat the this sample is eliminated by a laser 260 00:05:59,480 --> 00:05:59,490 the this sample is eliminated by a laser 261 00:05:59,490 --> 00:06:01,560 the this sample is eliminated by a laser which is brought around through the 262 00:06:01,560 --> 00:06:01,570 which is brought around through the 263 00:06:01,570 --> 00:06:03,240 which is brought around through the apparatus with mirrors and a beam 264 00:06:03,240 --> 00:06:03,250 apparatus with mirrors and a beam 265 00:06:03,250 --> 00:06:06,510 apparatus with mirrors and a beam splitter and in along the axis from 266 00:06:06,510 --> 00:06:06,520 splitter and in along the axis from 267 00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:10,560 splitter and in along the axis from either end the sample is located close 268 00:06:10,560 --> 00:06:10,570 either end the sample is located close 269 00:06:10,570 --> 00:06:12,210 either end the sample is located close to the center of this thermostat and 270 00:06:12,210 --> 00:06:12,220 to the center of this thermostat and 271 00:06:12,220 --> 00:06:14,909 to the center of this thermostat and scatters light to this photo multiplier 272 00:06:14,909 --> 00:06:14,919 scatters light to this photo multiplier 273 00:06:14,919 --> 00:06:18,360 scatters light to this photo multiplier at a small angle or through a bending 274 00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:18,370 at a small angle or through a bending 275 00:06:18,370 --> 00:06:20,250 at a small angle or through a bending mirror to a second photo multiplier so 276 00:06:20,250 --> 00:06:20,260 mirror to a second photo multiplier so 277 00:06:20,260 --> 00:06:23,220 mirror to a second photo multiplier so that we can see two angles at once the 278 00:06:23,220 --> 00:06:23,230 that we can see two angles at once the 279 00:06:23,230 --> 00:06:25,740 that we can see two angles at once the other principle detectors in the 280 00:06:25,740 --> 00:06:25,750 other principle detectors in the 281 00:06:25,750 --> 00:06:28,980 other principle detectors in the experiment are photo diodes which sample 282 00:06:28,980 --> 00:06:28,990 experiment are photo diodes which sample 283 00:06:28,990 --> 00:06:30,750 experiment are photo diodes which sample the light behind this partially 284 00:06:30,750 --> 00:06:30,760 the light behind this partially 285 00:06:30,760 --> 00:06:32,880 the light behind this partially transmitting mirror and there's one at 286 00:06:32,880 --> 00:06:32,890 transmitting mirror and there's one at 287 00:06:32,890 --> 00:06:35,100 transmitting mirror and there's one at the other end as well the Zeno 288 00:06:35,100 --> 00:06:35,110 the other end as well the Zeno 289 00:06:35,110 --> 00:06:36,780 the other end as well the Zeno instrument will fly aboard the space 290 00:06:36,780 --> 00:06:36,790 instrument will fly aboard the space 291 00:06:36,790 --> 00:06:39,060 instrument will fly aboard the space shuttle Columbia as part of the second 292 00:06:39,060 --> 00:06:39,070 shuttle Columbia as part of the second 293 00:06:39,070 --> 00:06:42,120 shuttle Columbia as part of the second United States microgravity payload this 294 00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:42,130 United States microgravity payload this 295 00:06:42,130 --> 00:06:44,220 United States microgravity payload this series of payloads has been sponsored by 296 00:06:44,220 --> 00:06:44,230 series of payloads has been sponsored by 297 00:06:44,230 --> 00:06:46,830 series of payloads has been sponsored by the NASA office of life and microgravity 298 00:06:46,830 --> 00:06:46,840 the NASA office of life and microgravity 299 00:06:46,840 --> 00:06:49,980 the NASA office of life and microgravity Sciences and applications these payloads 300 00:06:49,980 --> 00:06:49,990 Sciences and applications these payloads 301 00:06:49,990 --> 00:06:51,750 Sciences and applications these payloads include some of the most challenging 302 00:06:51,750 --> 00:06:51,760 include some of the most challenging 303 00:06:51,760 --> 00:06:53,460 include some of the most challenging experiments to be conducted in space 304 00:06:53,460 --> 00:06:53,470 experiments to be conducted in space 305 00:06:53,470 --> 00:06:56,790 experiments to be conducted in space during this decade Zeno will provide 306 00:06:56,790 --> 00:06:56,800 during this decade Zeno will provide 307 00:06:56,800 --> 00:06:58,940 during this decade Zeno will provide data that is not observable on earth 308 00:06:58,940 --> 00:06:58,950 data that is not observable on earth 309 00:06:58,950 --> 00:07:00,960 data that is not observable on earth theories will be challenged and 310 00:07:00,960 --> 00:07:00,970 theories will be challenged and 311 00:07:00,970 --> 00:07:04,020 theories will be challenged and experience will be expanded improved 312 00:07:04,020 --> 00:07:04,030 experience will be expanded improved 313 00:07:04,030 --> 00:07:05,400 experience will be expanded improved understanding of second-order 314 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:05,410 understanding of second-order 315 00:07:05,410 --> 00:07:07,380 understanding of second-order transitions will help in here 316 00:07:07,380 --> 00:07:07,390 transitions will help in here 317 00:07:07,390 --> 00:07:09,780 transitions will help in here theories that may have an impact on many 318 00:07:09,780 --> 00:07:09,790 theories that may have an impact on many 319 00:07:09,790 --> 00:07:47,850 theories that may have an impact on many scientific fields 320 00:07:47,850 --> 00:07:47,860 321 00:07:47,860 --> 00:07:49,919 you